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How is gold formed? A journey from stars to Earth

Gold’s journey to Earth is nothing short of cosmic. How is gold formed? This precious metal was created in the universe’s most dramatic events — neutron star collisions and supernova explosions — that scattered gold particles across the cosmos. These particles eventually became part of the swirling mass that would form our planet. Today, gold’s rarity, beauty, and storied origins make it one of Earth’s most coveted materials, cherished in jewellery and prized for its timeless allure. In this article, we’ll explore gold’s formation, where it can be found, and how it has been mined and refined throughout history.

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How is gold formed in the universe and what makes it so precious?

Gold's journey begins in the cosmos through spectacular events like neutron star collisions and supernova explosions. Only stars at least eight times larger than our sun can generate the extreme conditions needed to create gold atoms. When these stars die in violent explosions, they scatter gold particles across space, some of which eventually became part of Earth as our solar system formed.

Today, this precious metal can be found deep within the Earth's crust in veins, in riverbed sediments, and particularly in regions with seismic or volcanic activity. Countries like Australia, China, Russia, and South Africa are known for their significant gold reserves.

Gold's enduring value comes from both its rarity and remarkable properties. Its malleability allows jewelers to create intricate designs while its resistance to tarnish ensures lasting beauty. From traditional yellow gold to sophisticated white gold and romantic rose gold, its versatility continues to make it a cherished material for fine jewelry.

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gold pieces floating in space, highlighting their origins from supernova nucleosynthesis and neutron star collisions

The origins of gold: in the heart of dying stars

The story of gold's inception is woven into the fabric of the universe. Scientists believe that this precious metal was born in the cataclysmic events of supernova nucleosynthesis and the collision of neutron stars. These dramatic occurrences scattered gold-laden dust particles throughout the cosmos. When our solar system began to form, these particles were drawn into the swirling mass that would eventually become Earth.
Gold is as ancient as the celestial bodies themselves, yet its formation requires the fiery crucible of a star's core. Only stars with a mass exceeding eight times that of our sun can muster the force for the fusion reactions necessary to create gold. Upon their explosive demise, these stars cast their treasure into the universe, where it drifted until becoming part of the proto-planetary disk surrounding our nascent sun. Thus, every piece of gold we cherish on Earth today was forged in the heart of a dying star.
people panning for gold in a muddy area, using buckets to sift through the riverbank for precious finds

Where can gold be found?

Gold's rarity and beauty make it one of the most coveted materials on Earth. It resides in slender, elusive veins deep within the Earth's crust, mined as raw nuggets or fine grit. However, the pursuit of gold is not confined to the depths. This precious metal can also be found in riverbeds, where slower currents allow small grains and nuggets to settle. Over time, the relentless flow of water wears down rocks, releasing minute flecks of gold that accumulate in tranquil pools.

Regions prone to seismic or volcanic activity often harbour rich deposits of gold. During an earthquake, the sudden release of pressure can cause water within the rock to vaporise instantly, precipitating dissolved minerals such as gold. This process gradually forms gold veins, though such geological wonders can take countless millennia to mature.

While gold can be discovered in small quantities worldwide, true bounty is found in select locales. North America, Canada, Australia, China, Russia, and South Africa are renowned for their abundant gold reserves, yielding massive nuggets weighing up to 10 kilograms.
A dump truck navigates a dusty road, transporting materials for gold mining operations.

How is gold extracted?

The extraction of gold is a testament to human ingenuity and determination. Miners have developed sophisticated techniques to unearth this glittering treasure from its earthly confines. Gold's allure lies not only in its brilliance but also in its storied origins. Understanding the cosmic and terrestrial journey of gold enhances its value.

Gold mining, the traditional way


Traditionally, gold is extracted through mining operations that tunnel deep into the Earth to access rich veins. Once extracted, the raw gold undergoes a refinement process to remove impurities and reveal its lustrous sheen.
A man uses a metal bowl in the water, practising the gold panning method to find precious nuggets.

Gold panning for riverine environments

In riverine environments, prospectors use panning — a time-honoured method that captures gold particles from the sediment. By swirling water and sediment in a shallow pan, heavier gold flakes separate from lighter materials, revealing their golden hue.

The importance of ethical sourcing


Moreover, the importance of ethical sourcing cannot be overstated. As consumers, we have the power to choose gold that is mined responsibly, ensuring that the rights of workers are protected and that environmental impacts are minimised. Supporting ethically sourced gold contributes to a more sustainable and equitable industry, allowing us to enjoy its beauty with a clear conscience.
a 0.75 carat yellow gold eternity ring with princess diamonds, showcasing the modern application of gold in jewellery

The applications of gold in modern jewellery

Gold continues to be a popular choice in modern jewellery due to its timeless appeal and versatility. Its malleability allows artisans to create intricate designs, while its resistance to tarnish ensures that pieces retain their beauty over time. From elegant gold necklaces and bracelets to stunning engagement rings, gold jewellery can be both a fashion statement and a symbol of love and commitment. Additionally, advancements in technology have enabled the creation of innovative gold alloys, enhancing both durability and style, making gold jewellery a cherished addition to any collection.

Multiple varieties of gold

Gold's versatility is further enhanced by its ability to form elegant variations, each type of gold having its unique beauty and appeal. Yellow gold, the most traditional form of gold, boasts a rich, warm hue that has symbolised wealth and prestige for centuries. Its classic appearance is achieved through the blending of pure gold with metals such as copper and zinc, resulting in an alloy that retains the golden glow while offering increased durability.

White gold, a modern alternative, is prized for its sleek, sophisticated allure. Created by alloying gold with metals like palladium or nickel, and often coated with rhodium, white gold presents a lustrous, silver-like sheen that complements today's minimalistic aesthetics.

Meanwhile, red gold is cherished for its romantic, subtle blushing tones.

Experience the exquisite craftsmanship of gold jewellery

In summary, the enduring allure of gold jewellery lies in its rich history and the exquisite craftsmanship that brings each piece to life. BAUNAT's high-quality gold jewellery exemplifies this elegance, showcasing the perfect blend of traditional artistry and contemporary design. As we explore the origins and extraction of gold, it becomes clear that investing in such timeless pieces not only celebrates a heritage of opulence but also supports the artisans dedicated to their craft.

Learn more about precious metals

Gold is at least as old as our planet, but originated in the universe. Besides gold, there are several other precious metals, the best known of which are silver and platinum. Others are ruthenium, osmium, iridium, palladium and rhodium. Precious metals are metals that are not or only slightly subject to oxidation. They occur in nature and barely react with other substances. This means that precious metals will not rust and are resistant to certain acids.

  • Stephanie Hesters

  • BAUNAT Antwerp

  • As the Head of Diamond Buying at BAUNAT, Stephanie has an extensive knowledge of the diamond and the evolution of diamond prices. Thanks to her broad product knowledge gained throughout her years at BAUNAT and the Diamond Foundation Course by De Beers, Stephanie advises our customers interested in the investment side of diamonds to optimize every investment. To support her skills she has a bachelor’s degree in Business Management together with her master’s in Communication.

As the Head of Diamond Buying at BAUNAT, Stephanie has an extensive knowledge of the diamond and the evolution of diamond prices. Thanks to her broad product knowledge gained throughout her years at BAUNAT and the Diamond Foundation Course by De Beers, Stephanie advises our customers interested in the investment side of diamonds to optimize every investment. To support her skills she has a bachelor’s degree in Business Management together with her master’s in Communication.